THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE CIVIL WAR ITS CONSEQUENCES Book Report

THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE CIVIL WAR ITS CONSEQUENCES Book Report/Review THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE CIVIL WAR & ITS CONSEQUENCES – Book Report/Review Example The Economics of the Civil War September 14, Economics of the civil war, Ch. 13 The civil war that took place in America in mid 19thcentury is well analyzed granting me the opportunity to understand in details the occurrences during that time. Several aspects of the war are tackled in consideration of the thesis and ideas developed by several researchers regarding the war and measures undertaken by the authorities to control the situation. The cold-blooded war that led to the loss of life was attributed to the difference in economies between the southern America and North America. Crucial information by Claudia gives me a chance to understand the property rights that existed in the southern region while regarding the slaves, slave trade and slave valuation. Claudia gives an estimate that the value of slaves during the year 1860 was $2.7billion which was a lot of money during that time (Economics of the civil war 356). Furthermore, the article gives vital details on the level of harm the war caused to the people and economy of America.One major question is well-analyzed in the article. It is a question about what caused the war. Several explanations are given with the general idea of emancipation of slaves leading to the issue. Southerners main economic activity was agriculture producing cotton for export in the European market. The article helps me understand better the concept by giving numerical data by Goldin and Lewis in 1860 on the actual cost of war on American people and economy. Reading through the article gives me a better understanding of how war causes the resource allocation to the military that is costly to the people of the nation under consideration. The other answered question in the article is about the strategies used by the government in the quest to free the slaves and abolish the slave trade.One of the topics or rather the concept in the article related to economics is currency devaluation. It is a step taken by the American government afte r the war that made investors have doubts on investing or loaning money to the American people. This affected trade with other countries and the step had to be taken by the authorities.

Irregular Verb Forms

Irregular Verb Forms Irregular Verb Forms Irregular Verb Forms By Mark Nichol An irregular verb is one that does not follow the standard progression for various forms. Regular verbs are treated as shown below: Simple present: talk (I talk.) Simple past: talked (I talked.) Present participle: talking (I am talking.) Past participle: talked (I had talked.) Infinitive: to talk (I like to talk.) Irregular verbs take the same form in three of these categories, but their simple-past and past-participle forms are irregular, and there lies the difficulty. However, notice a common feature among verbs with the long i sound: Simple present: ride, drive, write Simple past: rode, drove, wrote Past participle: had ridden, had driven, had written In the simple past, the vowel changes to a long o sound, while the vowel becomes a short i sound in the past-participle form. Therefore, you can extrapolate for the progression from simple present to simple past to past participle for other words, as with rise, rose, had risen. For many verbs with vowels that sound like a long e or a short i, the progression is as follows: Simple present: drink, sink, sing Simple past: drank, sank, sang Past participle: had drunk, had sunk, had sung From this pattern you can deduce that shrink will change to shrank or had shrunk, while begin progresses to began and had begun and swim changes to swam and had swum. Of course, there are many exceptions: Bind progresses to bound, not bond, and to had bound, rather than had binden. Likewise, the progression from blow to blew to had blown is not matched by show, showed, and had shown. When in doubt, search online for a list of irregular verbs to note the correct forms for your problem verb. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Talking"Latter," not "Ladder"Conversational Email

How dose Hydropower energy effect the environment in the State of Essay

How dose Hydropower energy effect the environment in the State of Wyoming - Essay Example This paper will discuss some of the most common ways through which hydropower energy affects the environment in the state of Wyoming. The movement of water downstream in the plant facilitates the creation of kinetic energy which can be converted into electricity. In the past, hydropower energy plants were quite reliable and efficient than most of the other sources of energy. The hydropower energy majorly depends on precipitation and changes in elevation. The construction and operation of the hydropower dams substantially affect the natural river systems. In most cases, the power plants are usually regulated by the state and federal laws to care for the surrounding and human health (Edwards 15). However, there are other environmental impacts which are closely associated with the power generation technologies. Various studies highlight that hydropower energy is an environmentally clean and safe method of producing electricity. In fact, hydropower energy is more efficient as compared to most of the other sources of electricity. In addition, hydropower energy plants do not contribute to global warming or the formation of acid rain. In the state of Wyoming, there are minor air emissions that are produced by the hydropower energy plants. This is because the amount of fuel which is burnt at the hydropower energy plants is quite negligible. These emissions can also be produced by the vegetation which is located along the riverbed of the dam. These plants can decay in the man-made lake hence releasing methane which is one of the greenhouse gases (MacKay 18). Further analysis proves the bacteria contained in the vegetation can transform mercury which is contained in the rocks in the reservoir into a soluble form. This mercury also affects the aquatic life and poses a serious threat to the citizens of Wyoming. The hydropower energy stations in Wyoming also require the use of man-made lakes, which usually affects the

Cell phone should use it on class room Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cell phone should use it on class room - Essay Example Students prefer carrying their handheld cell phones in order to surf information faster as well as keep themselves updated with what is being taught in class. These pocket sized devices help students keep connected to each other as well as reduce the burden on paper because information is so readily available that students find it easier to learn and grow personally by having knowledge right on their fingertips. Teachers can mail children about their problems and home work and keep in touch with them in a better manner as well. Cell phones also have various applications which help students make notes as well as keep reminders about school and college events and happenings and thus make the entire process less tiring both mentally and physically on the child. Thus, students prefer to use their cell phones during class hours and it can actually be a boon for them. Almost every class room around the world has a no cell phone policy – and much rightly so. Cell phones have become the biggest distraction, especially in a student’s life because of the capacity of applications and tools that they contain. Students find it tough to work on essays with pen and paper and have become obsessed with copying and pasting information for their work from the internet. Thus, it is leading to retarding their learning and growth process. Not only this, but cell phones keep beeping all the time and distracting young minds from learning what is important. Since almost every student is connected to the other, an array of text messages and calls never leave them, even inside the classroom. Thus, there should be some hours a day where a student does not communicate via his cell phone, but pays attention to what is being taught. Most children take to playing games and spending their time on social networking websites with cell phones within the classroom, wasting precious learning time.

The Islam Controversy Essay Example for Free

The Islam Controversy Essay In the recent years, Islam has been closely associated with terrorist and violent actions, as well as lack of respect for women and their rights. There have been numerous ideas and beliefs about the Muslim faith and culture that are misconceived and misplaced. It is said the Muslims conquered everything by sword and fire- an idea that has built a belief that the Islamic faith and culture is rooted in terrorism and violence. On the other hand, there exist the true and ideal traits of the Islamic faith. These aspects are little known to most of the non-Muslim people; and the few who know them are more like brainwashed by the stereotypes about this culture and faith. Therefore, there is need to take a look at the things that have made Islam receive the perception it has today, and at the same time compare them with the ideal beliefs and pillars of the Muslim faith and culture. Having in mind that the population of Muslims has increased considerably with the past few years, it is vital to harmonize the perceptions non-Muslims have about Muslims with the true aspects of the Islamic faith. This can only be done by getting ample knowledge on both sides of the coin and getting real about them. It is a fact that Islam is a religion and culture characterized by unending controversy. The Muslim society on the other hand has come into light clarifying and justifying its stand in regard to the perceptions and stereotypes directed towards it.

Hume on Revolution :: Government Politics Papers

Hume on Revolution David Hume offers a well conceived plan for the formation of government and its political workings. Furthermore, he grants that in special circumstances the citizens of a particular government may revolt. However, with respect to obedience and disloyalty, Hume gives no formal rules for revolution. We would like something more from Hume regarding revolution and, more specifically, what he considers justified revolution. Some authors, such as Richard H. Dees, find the basis for Hume’s account of justified revolution in his historical works. By connecting Hume’s historical writings with his political theory, we find a fuller account of revolution. Such an account, however, does not require him to give a rule or maxim prescribing revolution since such a rule or maxim would obviously go against his political theory as stated in the Treatise and his political essays. In sum, justified revolution for Hume centers around the established political practices and the principled ca uses held by factions. Unjustified revolutions, however, are denoted by lack of adherence to established practices and want of a genuine cause. They are, rather, motivated by speculative factions subject to fanaticism and enthusiasm which are the foundations of Hume’s political worries. These central tenets of Hume’s view of revolution are delineated within this paper. Introductory Remarks In "Of Passive Obedience," Hume chastises those who endorse at length the maxims of resistance. Disloyal acts are considered to be immoral because they strike us as being contrary to preserving order in society. The desire to preserve peace and order in society, for self-interest, motivates people to obey authority. We are, thus, to regard disobedience towards authority as something to be avoided. Hume writes, Besides; we must consider, that, as obedience is our duty in the common course of things, it ought chiefly to be inculcated; nor can any thing be more preposterous than an anxious care and solicitude in stating all the cases, in which resistance may be allowed.(1) For Hume, it is of major importance and consequence that obedience is taught and demonstrated for its benefits. First of all, liberty and commerce depend on obligation to promises. Secondly, submission to government is necessary for the performance of promises. Disobedience and revolution put both of these advantageous in jeopardy. Hume, however, in his explanation of the formation of government claims that government can be overthrown in times of egregious tyranny. To be sure, Hume had admittedly agreed with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and sympathized with the American colonial situation but he finds too much liberty of resistance pernicious.

Critically discuss the current law relating to the above situation in English law and compare this to France jurisdiction.

Abstract The law of murder is often subject to much critique because of its unfavourable treatment towards women. Although many changes have recently been made to this area to rectify the problems, questions are still being raised as to whether the pre-existing gender biases still exist. This study will review the current law in England and then compare it to the approach that is undertaken in France. This will allow a consideration to be made as to whether the changes have proven effective. Introduction The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 was introduced in order to remove the gender inequalities that existed under the old law and thus enable a better distinction to be made between revenge killings and those committed in the heat of the moment.[1] Nevertheless, much criticism still surrounds the new provisions and it has been said that the pre-existing gender discrimination is still present.[2] Conversely, the approach that is being adopted in France does appear to be more effective in eradicating the gender bias that exists,[3] though it is questionable whether this is more favourable. This study will critically discuss the current position in England with regards to the loss of self control defence and will then compare it to the position in France. Loss of Control Defence under English Law Previously, it was extremely difficult for women to establish a defence in circumstances where they committed a killing in the heat of the moment. This type of defence, also known as provocation, required those seeking to rely on the defence to show that they had a sudden and temporary loss of control. This defence discriminated against women who suffered from a so-called ‘slow-burn’ effect because of the fact that an element of premeditation was often involved. In circumstances such as this, women were deemed to have committed a revenge killing, of a premeditated or calculated nature as opposed to a killing in the heat of the moment.[4] Much injustice arose as a result of the law in this area and it was evident that reform was needed. In 2010 a new ‘loss of control’ defence was introduced under the Coroners and Justice Act (CJA) 2009 and was intended to rectify the problems that existed. Under the new law, it now has to be shown that the defendant lost his or her self control as a result of some qualifying triggers. It must also be demonstrated that a person with a normal degree of tolerance and self restraint would have acted in the same way as the defendant. This objective test provides the courts with greater flexibility when deciding whether or not the defendant lost her self control as the comparator must be of the same age and sex as the defendant. This is beneficial to women who are likely to react differently in the situation to men and so it is important that they are being compared to people with the same characteristics.[5] The new regime is thus similar to the position that was adopted in R v Camplin[6] where it was made clear that the reasonable person must have the same characteristics as the defendant. Whilst this seems as to be the fairest approach to employ in ensuring that a distinction can be made between revenge killings with those committed in the heat of the moment, not all would agree. The Law Commission had originally opposed these changes for fear that women would still be discriminated against if sex was to be considered as a factor, though this was rejected by the Ministry of Justice.[7] It has since been argued that the inclusion of sex as a factor was a mistake on the part of the Ministry of Justice[8] and that it â€Å"unnecessarily refracts and reinforces stereotypes that men and women differ in their ability to control their behaviour.†[9] It has been argued that sex should be dealt with â€Å"under the partial defence of loss of control as part of the positioning of the hyp othetical person within the wider ‘circumstances’ of D.†[10] It cannot be said that this would completely remove the opportunity to stereotype and it seems as though stereotypes will continue to be prevalent within this area of the law. Previously, the loss of self control was confined to a state of anger and rage and women who suffered the slow-burn effect could not rely on the defence. However, under section 55(3) of the CJA 2009 the first qualifying triggers have been defined as a â€Å"loss of self control attributable to the defendant’s fear of serious violence from the victim against the defendant or another identified person.† This takes into account situations involving the slow-burn effect and enables a distinction to be made between revenge killings and those committed in the heat of the moment. Whilst it remains the case under the new law that there must still be a loss of control, the jury are required to take all of the circumstances into account when deciding whether the defendant did in fact lose her self control as well as the nature of the conduct which constituted the qualifying trigger. They should also consider the sensitivity of the defendant and the conditions in which the killing took place.[11] These provisions are clearly a lot more women friendly than they used to be since women are more likely to have an element of premeditation than men are.[12] This is largely due to the fact that women lack the same physical strength as men and so it would be much more difficult for them to act in a spontaneous manner. Instead they would have to wait for an opportunity to act when their partner would be least expecting. Nevertheless, as has been pointed out; â€Å"the slow burn defence would still have a high threshold.†[13] Accordingly, it is important that the defence does not allow for â€Å"cold, calculating killers to get away with it†[14] by widening the scope too far. The removal of the suddenness’ requirement in section 54(2) is another positive change since it had; â€Å"long been a hindrance for women whose experience of provocation has been described as more akin to a ‘boiling over’ than the male ‘snap’ response.†[15] As demonstrated in R v Duffy[16] and R v Thornton[17] it would be deemed unfavourable if there was a delay in responding to a situation as the loss of control would not have been â€Å"sudden.† The removal of this requirement now accommodates those who act out of fear, yet there is still the additional qualifying triggers requirement. This is a subjective test that will be based upon the defendant’s own loss of self control, yet some difficulties still tend to arise. An example of which can be seen in the R v Clinton, Parker, Evans[18] case. Here, it was questioned whether the consideration of sexual infidelity should be excluded in a case that involves other qualifying triggers.[19] It was stressed by the judge stressed that sexual infidelity could only be considered if other triggers were present and could not be relied upon singlehandedly. This demonstrates that the qualifying triggers still produce much uncertainty and because of this the distinction between revenge killings and those committed in the heat of the moment will remain complex.[20] It is questionable why the ‘loss of self control’ phrase was kept under the new law since negative connotations are frequently associated with it. The current law does not appear to have removed the pre-existing discrimination that existed and women are still being treated unfavourably to a certain degree. Whilst the previous law was â€Å"inherently contradictory†[21] and in need of reform[22] the restrictions that exist as a result of the new ‘qualifying triggers requirement’ suggests that the new law has been unsuccessful. The court’s decision in R v Clinton, Parker, Evans[23] has been criticised for failing to â€Å"grasp the actual workings of the new law as sexual infidelity cannot be considered under any of the prongs of the new defence.†[24] Whether the court erred in its decision is questionable, but it seems as though the decision does not help to put right the pre-existing discrimination and has been said to â€Å"completely ignore the feminist aims behind the legislation.†[25] Consequently, it could be said that the two-limbed ‘loss of control defence’ is flawed on the basis that it does not remove the intended pre-existing discriminations. It is extremely difficult to correct the imbalance between men and women and illustrates that further reform may in fact be needed. This was recognised by Hill who pointed out that; Hill that; â€Å"Partial and incremental reforms of this kind risk complicating the existing system when what is needed is comprehensive and c oherent reform of the type suggested by the Law Commission.†[26] Because of the underlying problems that continue to surround this area it is difficult to tell whether the new loss of control defence is merely a justification or excuse for murder. The defence remains favourable to those who kill in the heat of the moment over those who kill with an element of premeditation and because sexual infidelity can be considered as one of the qualifying triggers, it has been said that the defence will be capable of being used as a means of excusing crimes of passion.[27] Conversely, as noted by Gerry; â€Å"the new law makes it plain that where the killing arises in relation to sexual infidelity this is not a qualifying trigger that will allow a murder to be reduced to manslaughter.†[28] Loss of Control Defence under French Law Crimes of passion (crime passionnel) under French law referred to killings whereby the perpetrator had a sudden loss of self control as opposed to a premeditated one. Such crimes were considered to be a valid defence for murder in France during the early 19th Century, however this all ended in the 1970’s when the Napoleonic Code was updated.[29] Prior to the Napoleonic Code being updated women were significantly discriminated against since due to the fact that this defence was a lot more favourable to men. This is similar to the position in England where men had greater control over women, yet when the code was updated â€Å"a specific father’s authority upon his whole family was over.†[30] Prior to this, it was only husbands that were capable of establishing the crime passionnel defence according to the Code Penal,[31] however, by the late 19th Century women were able to rely on the defence also.[32] An element of leniency was placed upon women in France much ea rlier than it was in England and it seems that attitudes towards women in England have only recently started to change. It was thought that one reason for the increasing acquittal rate for women committing crimes of passion in France was due to the change in attitude jurors had towards women. They felt that by â€Å"killing their unfaithful husbands or husband’s mistresses, they had committed justifiable homicides because they had acted to protect their wounded honour.†[33] This is a far cry from the position in England where women find it extremely difficult to establish a defence for crimes of passion and even though the reform to the law has attempted to rectify this, it is still evident that disparities exist. However, it could be argued that the position in France is far too lenient than the position in England. Whilst France became much more tolerant to crimes of passion over the years, England became more intolerant, suggesting that England will be less likely to acquit persons accused of such crimes. As identified by Donovan; â€Å"British newspapers deplored the frequency with which French juries acquitted persons accused of crimes of passion and noted with satisfaction how much more civilised Britons were in not forgiving such crimes.†[34] Consequently, it could be said that violence is more excusable in France than it is in England and that women who commit killings will be viewed a lot more sympathetically. The differences that exist under English and French law demonstrate the importance to which cultural and social norms have in influencing the decision of juror’s. Thus, because crimes of passion are given much more lenience in the French courts, these types of crim es are likely to occur much more frequently than they are in England. Whilst it could be said that less gender discrimination occurs in France as a result of this, the fact that crimes of passion are being justified so easily is actually a dangerous occurrence. Hence, women in France will not think twice about killing their husbands if they are found to have conducted infidelity as they will be aware of the high acquittal rates.[35] In England, on the other hand, infidelity will not be considered as a basis for establishing the loss of control defence and those who are found to have killed their partners under such circumstances will not be viewed favourably. There is much critique surrounding the law that relates to crimes of passion in England since it is felt that women are discriminated against: â€Å"difficulties are presented by the requirement that the capacity for self-control, now expressed as the ‘tolerance’ and ‘restraint’, required of the defendant, is to be decided on objective grounds.†[36] However, the law in France appears to have gone completely in the opposite direction, namely being too sympathetic towards women. Whilst both men and women should be treated the same when considering whether any defence to murder are available, it is important that the scope is not widened too much. Whether sexual infidelity should be included as a trigger for losing one’s self control in England is doubtful since this would lead to a trial being focused primarily upon the deceased’s behavior as opposed to the defendants. This would appear somewhat illogical and would be viewed as a travesty of injustice by the deceased relatives.[37] The deceased would not be able to defend himself and the whole process would be distressing for the victim’s family. Furthermore, concerns would also be raised about the leniency approaches that are taken in respect of crimes of passion and much focus would be on the sexist values that underpin the basis for such crimes. It has been said that the exclusion of sexual infidelity as a triggering factor was a â€Å"gesture of politics†[38] and that â€Å"its exclusion seems completely logical in modern society.†[39] It has been said that the emphasis should be â€Å"placed upon the fear of serious violence and the necessity for self-preservation and the concept of a loss of control is simply a historical distraction.†[40] Conclusion Overall, the law of murder in England was clearly in need of reform since too much gender discrimination existed. Whilst many of these injustices have been rectified by the Coroners and Justice Act (CJA) 2009, much discrepancy still exists. Accordingly, it has to be shown that the loss of control resulted from a serious fear of violence or that it was attributable to things that has been said or done which were considered grave in nature. Emphasis is now placed upon whether the loss of control image is one of anger and not fear, which again can be difficult for women to establish. Furthermore, because of the restrictive nature of the qualifying triggers, sexual infidelity cannot be considered alone. Nevertheless, this could actually be necessary in preventing crimes of passion from being excused, as is the position in France. Hence, those that are considered to have killed their partner as a result of sexual infidelity will be excused in France, which makes it a lot easier for women to establish a defence. Although this lenient approach makes the process less discriminatory, it has actually been considered too broad given that crimes of passion are more frequent in France than they are in England. It is important that a balance is struck so that women are not being discriminated against on the one hand, and that too much lenience is not being given on the other. Bibliography Books A Reed and M Bohlander, Loss of Control and Diminished Responsibility: Domestic Comparative and International Perspectives, Ashgate Publishing Ltd, (2013). C Granier, La Femme Criminelle, United States, O. Doin Publishing, (1906). C V Connor, CheatedHow to Make Sure What Goes Around Comes Around, Lulu.com, (2010). D Ormerod, Smith and Hogan’s Criminal Law, OUP Oxford, 13th Edition, (2011). J Conaghan, Law and Gender, Oxford University Press, (2012). M Bohlander and A. Reed, Loss of Control and Diminished Responsibility: Domestic, Comparative and International Perspectives, Ashgate Publishing Ltd, (2013). N Monaghan, Criminal Law Directions, OUP Oxford, 2nd Edition, (2012). S Wood, Italian Women’s Writing, 1860-1994, Bloomsbury Publishing, (1995). Journal Articles A Carline, ‘Reforming Provocation: Perspectives from the Law Commission and the Government’ (2009) Web Journal of Current Legal Issues, Volume 2, [2009] 2 Web JCLI, 17 March 2014. A Edwards, ‘Changes to the Law on Homicide’ The Law Society Gazette, 17 March, 2014. D J Baker and L X Zhao, ‘Contributory Qualifying and Non-Qualifying Triggers in the Loss of Control Defence: A Wrong Turn on Sexual Infidelity’ (2012), 76 Journal of Criminal Law 254, Issue 3. D Pallister, ‘New Defence in Domestic Abuse Cases’, (2009) The Guardian, 17 March, 2014. F Gerry, ‘Scuttlebutt’ (2012) 176 Criminal Law & Justice Weekly 60, Issue 5. J M Donovan, Juries and the Transformation of Criminal Justice in France in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, University of North Carolina Press, (2010). J Miles, ‘The Coroners and Justice Act 2009: A Dog’s Breakfast of Homicide Reform’ (2009) Archbold News, Volume 6, Issue 7. Ministry of Justice, Murder, Manslaughter and Infanticide, MoJ CP (R) 19, 2008. Ministry of Justice. ‘Partial Defences to Murder: Loss of Control and Diminished Responsibility and Infanticide: Implementation of Sections 52, and 54 to 57of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009’ Criminal Law Policy Unit Ministry of Justice, 18 March 2014. M Hill, ‘New â€Å"Loss of Control† Defence as Murder Law Reforms Take Effect’ (2010), UK Human Rights Blog, 17 March 2014. R Ferrari, ‘Crime Passionnel in French Courts’ California Law Review, Volume 6, Issue 5, 331-341. R Harris, ‘Melodrama, Hysteria and Feminine Crimes of Passion in the Fin-de-Siecle’ Hist Workshop J, Volume 25, Issue 1, 31-63. S M Edwards, ‘Anger and Fear as Justifiable Preludes for Loss of Self Control’ (2010), The Journal of Criminal Law, Volume 74, No. 3. The Law Commission, ‘Partial Defences to Murder’ (2004) Law Com 290, Cm 6301. T Whitehead and A Hough, ‘Murder can be ‘crime of passion’ says top judge’ (2012) The Telegraph, 17 March 2014. V McAviney, ‘Coroners and Justice Act 2009: Replacing Provocation with Loss of Control’ (2009), Inherently Human, 17 March, 2014. Case Law R v Camplin (1978) AC 705 (HL) R v Clinton, Parker, Evans [2012] EWCA Crim 2 R v Duffy (1949) 1 AER 932 R v Thornton [1996] 1 WLR 1174 Legislation Code Penal Coroners and Justice Act 2009 Napoleonic Code

Membranes: Cell Membrane and Purple Dark

Cell Membranes and Transport Hands-On Labs, Inc. Version 42-0033-00-01 Lab Report Assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Exercise 1: Diffusion ObservationsData Table 1: Rate of diffusion in different temperatures| | ? C| Minutes| Temperature| InitialTemp. | InitialColor| 5| 10| 15| 20| 25| 30| 60| Cold| 3| white| white| white| white| white| white| white| Mostly white some blue| Ambient| 25| white| blueish| Light blue purple| blue purple| blue purple| purple| purple| Dark purple| Hot| 96| white| purple| DARKpurpleple| Dark purple| Dark purple| Dark purple| Dark purple| Dark purple| Questions A. Write a one-paragraph ana lysis of the results for the procedure. Provide reasons for the difference in the rate of diffusion at the different temperatures.The results of this lab were greatly influenced by the temperature of the KI solution. The bag placed in the heated solution began to change color (from white to light purple) almost immediately and changed to dark purple within 7minutes. The second bag in room temp. solution took about 5 minutes to see a slight change in color (from white to light blue) and about 20 to turn dark purple. The third bag in the cold temp. solution barely changed color at all at the end of the hour (bluish tint. ) According to the text (p. 68), â€Å" Because the driving force for diffusion is the kinetic energy of the olecules themselves. The speed of diffusion is influenced by molecular size ( the smaller, the faster) and by temperature ( the warmer, the faster). † Through this lab experiment we were able to see that diffusion did happen faster in the warm water by s eeing the fastest change in color of the contents inside the baggie. B. Did the sizes of the molecules affect their movement? Yes, the smaller the molecules (KI) were able to permeate thru the bag where as the bigger molecules (water) and corn start could not permeate thru the membrane bag due to their large size. C.Give an example of diffusion between: a solid and a liquid; a gas and a liquid; between two different solids. (solid/solid) Gold and lead- over time, molecules of lead will diffuse into the gold and vice versa. (solid/liquid) Sugar and water- Sugar will dissolve in water. (Gas/liquid)Perfume and air- the scent will spread. Exercise 2: Osmosis Observations DataTable 2: Potato Mass| Contents in TestTube| Initial Mass of Two Potato Strips| Final Mass of Two Strips| MassDifference| % Change inMass| Class Average Percent Change in Mass (if available)| a) Distilled Water| 3. g| 5g| 1. 4| 38%| | b) 1. 0 M Sucrose| 3. 4g| 2. 1g| -1. 3| -38%| | c) 0. 8 M Sucrose| 3. 6g| 2. 1g| -1 . 5| 42%| | d) 0. 6 M Sucrose| 3. 5g| 2. 6g| -. 9| -25%| | e) 0. 4 M Sucrose| 3. 5g| 3g| -. 5| -14%| | f) 0. 2 M Sucrose| 3. 4g| 3. 7g| . 3| 9%| | Questions A. Describe how the potato cylinders changed in their turgidity. Identify which of the solutions were isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic in relation to the potato. a) Distilled Water| No change in turgidity. Hypotonic solution. | b) 1. 0 M Sucrose| Very turgid. Hypertonic solution. | ) 0. 8 M Sucrose| Turgid. Hypertonic solution. | d) 0. 6 M Sucrose| Moderately turgid. Hypertonic solution. | e) 0. 4 M Sucrose| Slighty turgid. Hypertonic solution. | f) 0. 2 M Sucrose| No change in turgidity. Hypotonic solution. | B. What would happen to a red blood cell placed in distilled water? Why? Distilled water is a hypotonic solution which means in contains no solutes. According to the text (p. 72), â€Å"Cells placed in a hypotonic solution plump up rapidly as water rushes into them. † This means that a RBC would eventually pop. C .Create a graph of your experimental data by plotting the percent change in potato mass against sucrose molarity. Label the x-axis as â€Å"Molarity of Sucrose,† and the y-axis as â€Å"% Change in Mass. † D. Determine the molar concentration of the sucrose contained in the potato strips by using the graph created in question C. At the point where the molar concentration of the sucrose in the potato would be isotonic to the sucrose, there would be no net change in the potato mass. On the graph, this is located at the 0% change. Draw a line from this place on the y-axis to intersect the line.From the line draw a line down to the x-axis to find the molarity. Molar concentration of sucrose in potato = . 3 M Exercise 3: The Effect of Solvents on Membrane System Observations Data Table 3: Color Intensity from Damaged Beet Cells| TestTube| Solution Treatment| ColorIntensity0 – 10| Condition of Beet (turgid, flaccid, etc. )| a| 70% Isopropyl alcohol| 10| Very flacid| b | 35% Isopropyl alcohol| 7| bendable| c| 17. 5% Isopropyl alcohol| 3| Less firm| d| Distilled Water| 0| Very firm. | Questions A. What is the reasoning behind the use of egg whites?How does this part of the experiment relate to membranes? Egg whites would provide a lipid layer mimicking the cell membrane layer of a cell. Also egg white are largely composed of water this would also mimic the cell membrane. B. What do the results of test tube e tell about the effect of isopropyl alcohol on egg whites? The effects of the alcohol on the on the egg whites were that it made the chunky as almost if they had been cooked. C. What do the results of test tube f tell about the effect of isopropyl alcohol on oil?How does this relate to membranes? The oil sinks in relation to the alcohol. This is related to membranes due to the hydrophilic and hydrophobic aspects. Lipids arrange so that the hydrophobic â€Å"tail† regions are isolated from the surrounding polar fluid, causing the more hydr ophilic â€Å"head† regions to associate with the intracellular (cytosolic) and extracellular faces of the resulting bilayer. D. Based on the results from test tubes a through d, which of the solutions caused the most damage on the membrane system? Explain your answer.The solution with the highest concentration of Isopropyl alcohol cause the most damage to the membrane because exposure to high concentration of organic solvents would disrupt membrane integrity. E. Using the same data collection method, develop a hypothesis and use the scientific method to design an experiment that would show the effect of temperature stress on membranes. Extreme temperatures, mainly -5? C and 70? C, will significantly damage the cell membrane while the temperatures closer to room temperature will cause only slight damage, if any.

Free Essays on Stupid Drivers

To Drive or not to Drive. In the world today driving a car or truck is one of the best methods of transportation, unfortunately people don’t know how to drive. People today speed around and cut you off, and slow down when they should speed up. They talk on their cell phones and completely forget where they are and realize they are about to miss their exit or they’re in the wrong lane, and quickly change lanes not even looking to see who is behind them. People also have the tendency to ignore construction zones and just speed by like there isn’t anyone there. Speed is a toy to most and people use it to cut you off or just to get to their destination faster. The only reason for their actions is for their own being. They don’t care where the driver next to him is going or how important it is, but can only think that that person is in the way of them and their destination. When people get cut off they tend to get really close to the other car and nearly cause a collision. In cases like this traffic either slows down or another wreck accurs. This makes a lot of people mad, and when they try and get even with the person that cut them off it again creates a bad environment. Speed isn’t always the problem, when people don’t drive the speed limit they just slow people down. When they drive slow in the fast lane they back up the traffic for a mile or two and make people mad. In a world that moves as fast as ours, slow drivers create a chaos on the road that makes it very hard to continue with our normal lives. When a slow driver enters the highway they always stop on the onramp, knowing very well that they can’t accelerate to match the speed of the other cars. People with fast cars have all the speed and power they need, but most times they will only do the minimum speed limit. Fast cars are meant to be in the fast lane. A new and very distracting problem is cell phones. Most every person owns a cell phone now an... Free Essays on Stupid Drivers Free Essays on Stupid Drivers To Drive or not to Drive. In the world today driving a car or truck is one of the best methods of transportation, unfortunately people don’t know how to drive. People today speed around and cut you off, and slow down when they should speed up. They talk on their cell phones and completely forget where they are and realize they are about to miss their exit or they’re in the wrong lane, and quickly change lanes not even looking to see who is behind them. People also have the tendency to ignore construction zones and just speed by like there isn’t anyone there. Speed is a toy to most and people use it to cut you off or just to get to their destination faster. The only reason for their actions is for their own being. They don’t care where the driver next to him is going or how important it is, but can only think that that person is in the way of them and their destination. When people get cut off they tend to get really close to the other car and nearly cause a collision. In cases like this traffic either slows down or another wreck accurs. This makes a lot of people mad, and when they try and get even with the person that cut them off it again creates a bad environment. Speed isn’t always the problem, when people don’t drive the speed limit they just slow people down. When they drive slow in the fast lane they back up the traffic for a mile or two and make people mad. In a world that moves as fast as ours, slow drivers create a chaos on the road that makes it very hard to continue with our normal lives. When a slow driver enters the highway they always stop on the onramp, knowing very well that they can’t accelerate to match the speed of the other cars. People with fast cars have all the speed and power they need, but most times they will only do the minimum speed limit. Fast cars are meant to be in the fast lane. A new and very distracting problem is cell phones. Most every person owns a cell phone now an...

The New Career Path for Headmasters - Then and Now

The New Career Path for Headmasters - Then and Now The route to the headmasters office has changed. Once upon a time, the headmaster, often referred to as the head of a school, was almost certainly somebody with teaching and administrative experience. Better yet, he or she was an alumnus or an alumna - an old boy or an old girl, well connected and respected within the community. However, in an increasingly competitive marketplace with higher expectations placed on schools, the profile of the head of school is changing. To be sure, its a gradual change. But its a change nonetheless, and its occurring because the challenges facing a head of school these days require experiences and skill sets not usually found in a person who is first and foremost an educator. The Way It Used to Be For years, the way to the top of the private school organization chart was through the hallowed halls of academe. You graduated from college with a degree in your subject. You were engaged as a teacher, coached your team sport, kept your nose clean, married acceptably, raised some children of your own, became dean of students, and after 15 or 20 years you were in the running for head of school. Most of the time that worked just fine. You knew the drill, understood the clientele, accepted the curriculum, made a few changes, tweaked the faculty appointments ever so slightly, steered clear of controversy, and magically, there you were: receiving a nice check and being put out to pasture after 20 years or so as head of school. The Way It Is Now Life got complicated in 90s, however. Years ago, it used to be that the head could run his school simply by looking out his office window and observing what was going on. A periodic look in at the faculty lounge and an occasional meeting with alumni and parents to raise some money - it all was pretty straightforward. Even a bit dull. Not any more. The head of a private school in the new millennium has to have the executive ability of Fortune 1000 executive, the diplomatic skills of Ban Ki-moon and the vision of Bill Gates. S/he has to deal with substance abuse. S/he has to be politically correct. His graduates have to get into the right colleges. He has to raise millions for this project and that. He has to sort through legal issues which would numb the mind of a Philadelphia lawyer. He needs the diplomatic skills of an ambassador to deal with parents. His technology infrastructure costs a fortune and doesnt seem to have improved teaching at all. On top of all this, his admissions department now has to compete for students with several other schools which years ago could hardly be considered the competition if they existed at all. CEO vs Educator Many people first acknowledged this shift in  the summer of 2002, when Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg of New York City surprised the masses by  appointing a lawyer/executive with no formal educational administrative training as Chancellor of the New York City schools. As CEO of the Bertelsmann, Inc. media conglomerate, Joel I. Klein brought vast business experience to that most complicated of assignments. His appointment served as a wake up call to the educational establishment as a whole that new and imaginative approaches to school administration are needed. This was only the first step in what soon became a rapidly changing environment.   Private schools shifted from viewing themselves solely as academic institutions to operating under dual roles: schools and businesses. The academic side of operations continues to grow and flourish with the changing times, often faster than the business side of these elite institutions. However, heads have begun to acknowledge the need for augmented admission offices to recruit students, development offices to raise money to support school operations, and business offices to better manage the daily financial needs of schools and their communities. The need for strong marketing and communications has also become apparent, and continues to grow rapidly, with schools employing large offices of skilled professionals working to develop new target audience.   The new heads role isnt to simply ensure that everything plugs along in terms of day to day tasks. But rather, the new head is responsible for leading a powerful group of professionals who are working to ensure that the school thrives in difficult and at times, downright volatile market conditions. While the head isnt expected to know how to do everything, he or she is expected to provide clear and concise goals and strategic vision.   The biggest, and often hardest change for many to swallow is the need to  see families as customers and not only as parents of students with malleable minds which need solid training, nurturing and direction for success in later life.  Ã‚   Characteristics to Look for Choosing the right head is critical part of moving your school successfully through changing circumstances and financial tough times. Given the large number of constituencies within a school community you will need to find a strategic leader and consensus builder. A good head listens well. S/he understands the widely differing needs of parents, faculty and students, yet demands the partnership and cooperation of all three groups to accomplish his educational goals. S/he is a skilled sales person who has a solid grip on the facts and can articulate them convincingly. Whether s/he is raising money, speaking at a seminar in his area of expertise or addressing a faculty meeting, s/he represents and sells the school to everybody s/he encounters. A good head is a leader and an exemplar. His vision is clear and well thought out. His moral values are above reproach. A good head manages effectively. S/he delegates to others and holds them accountable. A good head doesnt have to prove himself. He knows what is required and accomplishes it. Hire a Search Firm The reality is that to find this person, you may have to spend some money and hire a search firm to identify suitable candidates. Appoint a search committee which can include trustees as well as representatives from your school community such as a student, a faculty member and an administrator. The search committee will vet the applicants and present a candidate for the board of trustees approval. Hiring a new headmaster is a process. It takes time. If you do it right, you have charted a path for success. Get it wrong and the results could be just the opposite.

Discuss the different eras of resistance kinship relationships to Essay

Discuss the different eras of resistance kinship relationships to Aboriginal people - Essay Example Aboriginals are more found in Australia, India, Africa etc. they are different in the patterns of dressing, adoring, intake of food and medicinal practices. They have been different in various eras like primitive society, agricultural society, industrial society and post modern society. Kinship is the main objective of the sociologists since it is the basic factor in the organization of the society. They focus on the history of kinship irrespective of nation, state and geographical area. â€Å"Kinship systems establish relationships between individuals and groups on the model of biological relationships between parents and children, between siblings, and between marital partners.† (Kinship: a dictionary of sociology, 1998). But some theorists are on the view that the relationship between wife and husband through which they are related by marriage do not include in the category of kinship. They tell that this relationship is called as affinal relationship. But some other theorists say that the biological relationship is not necessary to determine kinship because some children have social father who takes the responsibility of them and therefore kinship must be established on account of social fathers. When we think about kinship the entire influential factors must be considered like the way of relationship, cultural and political background, economic status etc. There are two theories which emerged in the second half of the twentieth century and they are alliance theory and descent theory. Descent theory stresses that the role of kinship system is to understand political entities of the lineage group in the history. When descent theory gives more importance on the descent and succession, alliance theory emphasizes on the marriage. â€Å"Ernest L Schusky has given the following types of kinship.† (Joshi 1999, p.109). First type of kinship is consanguineal kinship which means the relation by blood like parent child